Nails, Hair, Skin PLUS

Healthy skin, hair, and nails contribute to a woman’s positive feeling about herself. Moreover, the skin is one of the best indicators of overall health. Poor skin, hair, and nail quality may be a sign of various other health disorders. Find out if your body is missing something or if it is signalling an ailment through skin problems.

What will be tested and why?

Complete Blood Count (CBC with differential)

Determines the number of white and red blood cells, the amount of hemoglobin (red blood pigment), platelets, and many other related parameters. It can help detect anemia, dehydration, infections, immune system disorders, and suggest clotting disorders or risk of blood clots. Nutritional deficiencies caused by poor dietary composition can lead to a lack of important elements and vitamins necessary for blood formation.

Glucose

Glucose is a simple sugar and the main energy source for cells. Its blood concentration (glycemia) is kept within a stable range, both fasting and after meals.

The term "blood sugar" is commonly used.

In diabetes mellitus, glucose cannot enter cells properly, resulting in elevated blood levels.

Albumin

Albumin is the most abundant protein in blood plasma. It helps maintain pressure within blood vessels and thus regulates blood flow. It also binds and transports free fatty acids, ions, bilirubin, bile acids, vitamins, hormones, and medications.

Albumin contributes to maintaining acid-base balance (pH) and plays a role in antioxidant processes. It is produced in the liver.

Proteins

Proteins are essential building blocks of all cells and tissues in the body. They help maintain osmotic pressure in blood vessels, thereby regulating blood volume and flow. They also bind and transport free fatty acids, ions, bilirubin, bile acids, vitamins, hormones, and medications through the bloodstream.

As enzymes, proteins support chemical reactions. They also play a key role in maintaining acid-base balance (pH), blood clotting, and antioxidant processes. Furthermore, proteins are vital for immune system function. The liver is the main site of protein synthesis.

Triglycerides and Cholesterol

These are key indicators of fat metabolism. Their levels depend on overall metabolic function as well as diet and physical activity.

Elevated serum levels (due to poor lifestyle and/or metabolic disorder) are major risk factors for the development of atherosclerosis and serious cardiovascular diseases.

Cholesterol is found in nearly every cell of the body and has several vital roles, such as serving as a precursor for the synthesis of various steroid hormones and vitamin D, and being a component of cell membranes.

Its amount in the body comes from both endogenous (produced internally) and exogenous (dietary) sources.

Total serum cholesterol is the sum of cholesterol carried in all lipoprotein particles, mainly LDL (low-density lipoproteins) and HDL (high-density lipoproteins).

Cholesterol is part of atherosclerotic plaques in blood vessels, and elevated total cholesterol levels are associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular complications. Prolonged high cholesterol or triglyceride levels can lead to the formation of skin lesions called xanthomas.

LDL-Cholesterol (Low-Density Lipoprotein)

LDL cholesterol is carried in LDL particles, which transport most cholesterol from the liver to peripheral tissues.

They are produced in the liver as VLDL (very-low-density lipoproteins), which are transformed into IDL and then LDL after releasing triglycerides.

LDL carries apolipoprotein B-100 on its surface.

LDL’s main function is to deliver cholesterol to cells, where it’s used for building membranes and producing steroid hormones and vitamin D.

Elevated LDL levels are associated with atherosclerosis and increased cardiovascular disease risk.

HDL-Cholesterol (High-Density Lipoprotein)

Adequate HDL cholesterol levels are important because HDL removes excess cholesterol and transports it to the liver for metabolism and elimination.

Low HDL cholesterol is a risk factor for atherosclerosis. Experts have defined threshold values—levels below which cardiovascular risk increases:

• Less than 1.0 mmol/L in men
• Less than 1.2 mmol/L in women

People with naturally higher HDL cholesterol levels tend to have a lower risk of heart attack and stroke. However, recent studies show that extremely high HDL cholesterol levels may also be linked to higher heart disease risk—this is usually genetically determined.

Sodium (Na⁺)

Sodium is a biogenic element and important electrolyte. As the main extracellular (outside the cells) cation, it ensures normal cell function together with other electrolytes, regulates water balance, and maintains acid-base balance. Sodium plays a key role in maintaining the volume of extracellular fluid and is involved in blood pressure regulation. Along with potassium (K⁺), it forms a fundamental system that controls water management in tissues.

Potassium (K⁺)

Potassium is a biogenic element and a crucial electrolyte, especially inside cells. It regulates muscle contractions and the transmission of nerve impulses. It is the main intracellular cation and plays a key role in regulating the intracellular environment. Along with sodium and chloride, it regulates water balance and acid-base balance. A physiological potassium level in the serum is necessary for the proper functioning of the body, and its imbalance can lead to serious health issues.

Calcium (Ca)

Calcium is a mineral and the basic structural component of bones and teeth. Most of the body's calcium is found in bones and teeth, with only about 1% located elsewhere, especially in the extracellular fluid. Ionized calcium (Ca²⁺) is biologically active and regulates many physiological processes in the body. It plays a key role in muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, blood clotting, and enzyme activation. Maintaining blood calcium concentration is essential for internal balance.

Magnesium (Mg)

Magnesium is an essential mineral that plays an irreplaceable role in maintaining the body’s internal balance. It is crucial for enzyme function and affects many physiological processes, including calcium and phosphorus metabolism, protein and nucleic acid synthesis, and energy metabolism. Magnesium regulates the transport and activity of various ions, ensuring normal electrical activity of nerves and muscles. It supports ATP (adenosine triphosphate) production. Most of the body’s magnesium is in bones, followed by muscle cells and soft tissues, with only about 1% in the extracellular fluid. It is the second most important intracellular cation, and normal blood levels may not exclude an overall deficiency in the body.

Phosphorus (P)

Phosphorus is a vital mineral mostly found in the body in the form of phosphates, with about 85% located in bones. In soft tissues, phosphates are mainly found inside cells, bound to compounds like nucleic acids and phospholipids in cell membranes. In the blood, phosphorus is usually in the form of inorganic phosphate. It is essential for numerous physiological processes, energy production (e.g., ATP), metabolism, enzyme function, and cell signaling. It also plays an important role in bone and tooth formation and acid-base balance.

Zinc (Zn)

Zinc is an essential trace element necessary for the function of many enzymes involved in various metabolic processes. Its main functions include supporting protein synthesis, wound healing, protection against free radicals (antioxidant effects), regulation of the immune system, and activation of important enzymes. Zinc is also essential for skin function and proper hormonal activity.

Zinc deficiency may present with psychological disorders (apathy, depression, impaired concentration), digestive problems (loss of appetite, diarrhea), skin issues (eczema, non-healing wounds, hair loss), and immune dysfunctions.

Selenium (Se)

Selenium is an essential trace element important for various biological processes and the function of several enzymes. It regulates immune responses and is vital for several bodily functions. Selenium protects cells from oxidative stress, supports T-lymphocyte function, and affects cytokine production. It is involved in thyroid hormone metabolism and sperm formation. Selenium also protects against the toxic effects of metals like cadmium and mercury. As an essential element, the body depends on its dietary intake. In some regions, including ours, selenium content in soil is low and may not reach sufficient levels in food.

Folic acid (Folate, Vitamin B9)

Folic acid is a water-soluble vitamin essential for cell growth, DNA synthesis, and the production of red blood cells. The most common manifestation of folic acid deficiency is megaloblastic anemia, which results from impaired DNA synthesis.

Clinical signs of deficiency may include cracks and sores in the oral mucosa, inflammation of the tongue and throat.

Vitamin D

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin important for regulating calcium and phosphorus metabolism, ensuring proper bone mineralization. It also supports the immune system. The body gets vitamin D both from skin synthesis via sunlight and from food sources, in the form of cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) and ergocalciferol (vitamin D2). After entering the body, vitamin D is first converted in the liver to 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH D), which best reflects vitamin D stores. The second conversion happens in the kidneys, where it becomes the active form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25-OH D or calcitriol), which directly regulates calcium absorption in the gut and affects bone metabolism.

Common causes of vitamin D deficiency include insufficient dietary intake, low sun exposure, malabsorption disorders (such as celiac disease, chronic pancreatitis, liver or kidney diseases). In older adults, vitamin D deficiency is common due to decreased numbers of calcitriol receptors in target tissues.

Low levels of vitamin D are associated with increased risk of infections, autoimmune diseases, and cardiovascular issues. Deficiency is also considered a risk factor for developing osteoporosis, osteomalacia, and rickets in children.

TSH - Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone

TSH is a hormone produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. It affects the metabolism of thyroid cells and stimulates the production and secretion of thyroid hormones. In cases of thyroid dysfunction—whether overactive (hyperthyroidism) or underactive (hypothyroidism)—TSH levels increase or decrease accordingly. A primary disorder in its production or release can also be the cause of thyroid dysfunction.

Symptoms of hypothyroidism include fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, dry, rough, pale skin, constipation, hair loss, depression, and menstrual irregularities.

fT4 - Free T4

Free T4 is the unbound, active portion of the hormone thyroxine in the blood, produced by the thyroid gland. It helps regulate metabolism and increases cellular metabolic activity. It is essential for normal growth, development, and cell metabolism.

Symptoms of low free T4—and thus decreased thyroid function—include fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, dry, rough, pale skin, constipation, hair loss, depression, and menstrual disorders.

Progesterone

Progesterone is a female steroid hormone from the gestagen group, mainly produced in the ovaries during the luteal phase (by the corpus luteum), and in smaller amounts by the adrenal glands and, during pregnancy, by the placenta.

It plays an important role in regulating the menstrual cycle, preparing the uterus for pregnancy, and maintaining pregnancy in its early stages.

Levels vary across menstrual phases, during pregnancy, and throughout the day.

In the skin, progesterone stimulates the production of sebum, which keeps the skin hydrated and forms a natural protective barrier.

Estradiol

Estradiol is the most important female sex hormone, belonging to the estrogen group. It is produced by the ovaries.

It plays a key role in follicle maturation, supports ovulation, prepares the uterus for implantation, and influences the development of secondary sexual characteristics as well as the health of bones and skin.

Estrogens stimulate collagen production and other compounds responsible for skin elasticity, improve hydration, and support hair growth and regeneration.

Estradiol levels fluctuate significantly throughout the menstrual cycle, so it is important to report the day of your cycle when taking the test.

Total Testosterone (TST)

Testosterone is the main male sex hormone, classified as an androgen. It is a steroid hormone produced in the testes in men. In women, it is produced in small amounts by the ovaries and adrenal cortex.

In blood, testosterone is present in three forms: loosely bound to albumin, tightly bound to sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and free (unbound).

Total testosterone refers to the total amount of all three forms and is the primary parameter for assessing testosterone production.

Depending on its level, symptoms, and other clinical findings, additional tests such as free testosterone, free androgen index, or other hormones may be recommended.

In men, testosterone is responsible for the development of primary and secondary sex characteristics, muscle and bone mass, fat distribution, body hair pattern, larynx growth (and voice deepening), and sperm production. Its level decreases with age.

In women, low testosterone supports hormonal balance. However, excess testosterone can lead to issues like: Hirsutism (male-pattern hair growth in women), Acne, Seborrhea (greasy, flaky skin and redness, especially on the scalp, face, and body), Diffuse alopecia (general hair thinning or baldness).

Coenzyme Q10

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a substance belonging to the group of ubiquinones, an essential cofactor of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, and acts as an antioxidant. Functionally, it is similar to vitamins and is found in all cells that contain mitochondria. It influences the conversion of energy from food into the chemical energy ATP, which the body uses. The production of CoQ10 requires an adequate amount of vitamin B6. It plays a role in various pathological processes, including Parkinson’s disease, diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, aging, oxidative stress, and during statin treatment. CoQ10 is obtained from the diet as well as produced in the body, but its production decreases with age.

We do not recommend entry of patients/clients with clinical signs of disease (temperature, cough, signs of respiratory tract infection, etc.) to undergo this test.
We recommend hand disinfection prior to entry to the clinics/collection points.

It is advised to fast for a minimum of 8 hours by refraining from eating or drinking anything expect water. Faiing to fast before the test may affect result quality. If you are currently on medications, consult your healtcare provider to determine whether you should continue taking them prior to the test.

PREPARATION FOR BLOOD COLLECTION
The recommended time to collect blood is between 7 a.m. and 9 a.m., to obtain comparable results from different blood draws. To assess the numerical test result, so-called reference intervals are used, which are based on morning fasting collections and are used for population comparison. This time interval is also recommended in light of the biological cycles that naturally take place in the body.

GENERAL PRE-SAMPLING INSTRUCTIONS
• It is necessary to come to the testing site earlier, so that you can rest in the waiting room for approximately 20 minutes to have a relatively relaxed body and mind.
• It is not advisable to draw blood before collection.
• It is necessary to arrive on an empty stomach for the collection itself, in the case of collections at a later time in the day, at least three hours on an empty stomach. At home, it is desirable to drink a sufficient amount of pure water (at least up to half a liter) - this is important for a successful blood collection. Mineral water, juice, coffee and tea are not recommended.
Herbs included in tea may contain substances affecting the blood count. Coffee and black tea increase gastric acid production and release insulin from the pancreas, thereby affecting glucose metabolism. Since everything in the body is interrelated, they can impact other tests. Another extreme is when your body is running out of fluids. In this case, the number of red blood cells, the level of protein and lipids bound to the protein increase and the level of urea in the blood can also increase. It is therefore advisable to drink pure water when you wake up.

Generally, it is recommended to:
• around 6 p.m. eat only light meals, do not eat fatty food (cheese, butter, cream, meat, smoked meat, bacon) and sweet meals,
• fast for 10-12 hours (Attention: it is not advisable to starve for more than 16 hours!), in the case of later collection (after 9:30 a.m.), a lighter breakfast is allowed, no later than 3 hours before collection,
• drink non-alcoholic beverages and drinks without sugar in the usual quantity, in the case of adult clients 24 hours before blood collection (Alcohol in the blood changes lipid levels, the level of glucose is reduced, uric acid levels increase and liver enzymes are released into the blood),
• take only prescribed medicines in the evening,
• avoid increased physical activity, and strength and endurance exercise the day before blood collection (Lipid, glucose, some enzyme levels in the blood and other parameters may change during physical activity. The recovery of normal values to maintain the accuracy of laboratory results may take a longer time, depending on the duration of the exercise, your physical fitness in general and other factors. We recommend maintaining normal daily physical activity such as light stretching, short cycling to work, gardening, etc.),
• avoid psychological stress, which raises blood glucose levels and causes the release of stress hormones in particular,
• avoid smoking for at least 6 hours prior to blood collection because it increases the level of carbonylhemoglobin produced by the reaction of the blood dye with carbon monoxide and alters the permeability and elasticity of the vessels, affecting the ratios of blood analytes,
• do not chew gum for at least 6 hours before blood collection, as this may affect glucose and enzyme levels,
• do not undergo stressful diagnostic or therapeutic interventions for at least 24 hours prior to blood collection.
If any of the tests you have selected require special preparation, you will be informed of the fact by email with the order and blood collection instructions attached. These specific instructions have priority over the general recommendations for preparation.

MEDICINES
It is recommended to have blood collected before the planned doses of medicines. If it is not possible to take the medicine later, you should inform the nurse during blood collection and specify what medication you have taken.
Take the medicines prescribed by your doctor in the morning or bring them with you to take them after blood collection (thyroid medicines, antihypertensive medicines, blood thinners, contraceptives, etc.) In the case of later collection (after 9:30 a.m.), you can take the prescribed medication in the morning.
Do not take iron, vitamin, nutritional supplements or other supplements, including homeopathics, for at least three (3) days prior to blood collection.

SPECIFIC SITUATIONS
In order to obtain the appropriate answers to your questions with regard to the laboratory tests, it is important to accurately notify the nurse at the healthcare provider about the following facts prior to your blood test:
• regularly used medicines and supplements (ideally come with a written list to the blood collection site),
• infectious diseases you suffer from (e.g., HIV, hepatitis, mononucleosis...),
• contact with an infected person or presence in an infectious environment,
• if you have received an infusion within the last 5 days, specify into which limb,
• intramuscular injections within 3 days prior to the blood collection date,
• long-term immobilisation, lost ability to move,
• activities at higher altitudes,
• allergy to common band-aids,
• if you feel unwell when looking at blood or needles, please also notify our blood collection staff of the fact.

OTHER FACTORS
Please note that prolonged use of medication or other important factors may affect the values measured by the tests you have selected. For more information, please see the description of the specific test. To obtain objective test results, take the time to properly prepare for your blood collection.